INSTALL(8)              NetBSD System Manager's Manual              INSTALL(8)

NAME
     INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/mac68k.

CONTENTS
      About this Document............................................2
      What is NetBSD?................................................2
      Changes Between The NetBSD 6.0 and 7.0 Releases................3
      Features to be removed in a later release......................3
      The NetBSD Foundation..........................................3
      Sources of NetBSD..............................................3
      NetBSD 8.99.36 Release Contents................................3
         NetBSD/mac68k subdirectory structure........................4
         Binary distribution sets....................................5
      NetBSD/mac68k System Requirements and Supported Devices........7
         Supported models............................................7
         Supported devices...........................................7
         Unsupported models..........................................8
         Known hardware issues with this release.....................8
      Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media...................8
      Preparing your System for NetBSD installation..................9
      Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method).................11
         Running the sysinst installation program...................11
            Introduction............................................11
            Possible hardware-specific issues.......................11
            General.................................................11
            Quick install...........................................12
            Booting NetBSD..........................................13
            Preparing your hard disk................................14
            Getting the distribution sets...........................15
            Installation from CD-ROM................................15
            Installation using FTP..................................15
            Installation using NFS..................................15
            Installation from Mac OS file systems...................16
            Installation from an unmounted file system..............16
            Installation from a local directory.....................16
            Extracting the distribution sets........................16
            Configure additional items..............................16
            Finalizing your installation............................16
      Installing the NetBSD System (Traditional Method).............16
         Preparing the file system(s)...............................16
         Installing the files.......................................17
         Installation of base files.................................18
         Booting the system.........................................18
      Post installation steps.......................................19
      Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................22
      Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............22
         Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 6.x releases.......22
      Using online NetBSD documentation.............................23
      Administrivia.................................................23
      Thanks go to..................................................24
      Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................24
      The End.......................................................30

DESCRIPTION
   About this Document
     This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 8.99.36 on
     the mac68k platform.  It is available in four different formats titled
     INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt:

           .ps     PostScript.

           .html   Standard Internet HTML.

           .more   The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the
                   more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs.  This is the
                   format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre-
                   sented.

           .txt    Plain old ASCII.

     You are reading the ASCII version.

   What is NetBSD?
     The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like
     operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net-
     working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources.  NetBSD
     runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a
     variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more.  The
     NetBSD 8.99.36 release contains complete binary releases for most of
     these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others
     included in source form.  Please see the NetBSD website at
     http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.)

     NetBSD is a completely integrated system.  In addition to its highly por-
     table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user
     utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall
     software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

     NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community.  Without
     the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD
     would not exist.

   Changes Between The NetBSD 6.0 and 7.0 Releases
     The NetBSD 8.99.36 release provides many significant changes, including
     support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated ker-
     nel subsystems, and numerous userland enhancements.  The result of these
     improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that
     rivals most commercially available systems.

     It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that
     went into the NetBSD 8.99.36 release.  The complete list of changes can
     be found in the CHANGES:
           http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-7.0/CHANGES
     and CHANGES-7.0:
           http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-7.0/CHANGES-7.0
     files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 7.0 release tree.

   Features to be removed in a later release
     The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future:

     o   groff(1).  Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can
         still be found in pkgsrc as textproc/groff.

       The NetBSD Foundation
         The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) cor-
         poration that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of
         the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''.  It
         supports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide.
         More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and
         work can be found at:
               http://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/

       Sources of NetBSD
         Refer to
               http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/

       NetBSD 8.99.36 Release Contents
         The root directory of the NetBSD 8.99.36 release is organized as fol-
         lows:

         .../NetBSD-8.99.36/

         CHANGES       Changes between the 6.0 and 7.0 releases.

         CHANGES-7.0   Changes between the initial 7.0 branch and final
                       release of 7.0.

         CHANGES.prev  Changes in previous NetBSD releases.

         LAST_MINUTE   Last minute changes and notes about the release.

         README.files  README describing the distribution's contents.

         images/       Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD.
                       Depending on your system, these may be bootable.

         source/       Source distribution sets; see below.

         In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one
         directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which
         NetBSD 8.99.36 has a binary distribution.

         The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the
         source subdirectory of the distribution tree.  They contain the com-
         plete sources to the system.  The source distribution sets are as
         follows:

         gnusrc    This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source
                   for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU util-
                   ities in the binary distribution sets.

         sharesrc  This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the
                   sources for the man pages not associated with any particu-
                   lar program; the sources for the typesettable document set;
                   the dictionaries; and more.

         src       This set contains all of the base NetBSD 8.99.36 sources
                   which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc.

         syssrc    This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 8.99.36 kernel
                   for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility.

         xsrc      This set contains the sources to the X Window System.

         All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory
         of the distribution tree.

         The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.  Except for
         the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all
         sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command:
               # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz

         In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files
         which contain the checksums of the files in the directory:

               MD5     MD5 digests in the format produced by the command:
                       cksum -a MD5 file.

               SHA512  SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command:
                       cksum -a SHA512 file.

         The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a
         wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the
         release files.

         NetBSD/mac68k subdirectory structure

         The mac68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 8.99.36 release is found in
         the mac68k subdirectory of the distribution:
         .../NetBSD-8.99.36/mac68k/.  It contains the following files and
         directories:

         INSTALL.html
         INSTALL.ps
         INSTALL.txt
         INSTALL.more  Installation notes in various file formats, including
                       this file.  The .more file contains underlined text
                       using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and
                       bold display.
         binary/
                       kernel/
                                netbsd-GENERIC.gz
                                           A kernel containing code for every-
                                           thing supported in this release
                                           using the standard SCSI driver.
                                netbsd-GENERICSBC.gz
                                           A kernel containing code for every-
                                           thing supported in this release
                                           using the SBC variant of the SCSI
                                           driver.
                       sets/    mac68k binary distribution sets; see below.
         installation/
                       instkernel/
                                  mac68k boot and installation kernels; see
                                  installation section (Sysinst Method),
                                  below.
                       misc/      Miscellaneous mac68k installation utilities;
                                  see the Traditional method installation sec-
                                  tion below.

         Binary distribution sets

         The NetBSD mac68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which
         comprise the NetBSD 8.99.36 release for mac68k.  The binary distribu-
         tion sets can be found in the mac68k/binary/sets subdirectory of the
         NetBSD 8.99.36 distribution tree, and are as follows:

         base     The NetBSD 8.99.36 mac68k base binary distribution.  You
                  must install this distribution set.  It contains the base
                  NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run
                  and be minimally functional.

         comp     Things needed for compiling programs.  This set includes the
                  system include files (/usr/include) and the various system
                  libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included
                  as part of the base set).  This set also includes the manual
                  pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the
                  system call and library manual pages.

         debug    This distribution set contains debug information for all
                  base system utilities.  It is useful when reporting issues
                  with binaries or during developement.  This set is huge, if
                  the target disk is small, do not install it.

         etc      This distribution set contains the system configuration
                  files that reside in /etc and in several other places.  This
                  set must be installed if you are installing the system from
                  scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading.

         games    This set includes the games and their manual pages.

         kern-GENERIC
                  This set contains a NetBSD/mac68k 8.99.36 GENERIC kernel,
                  named /netbsd.  You must install either this distribution
                  set or kern-GENERICSBC.

         kern-GENERICSBC
                  This set contains a NetBSD/mac68k 8.99.36 GENERICSBC kernel,
                  named /netbsd.  You must install either this distribution
                  set or kern-GENERIC.

         man      This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries
                  and other software contained in the base set.  Note that it
                  does not include any of the manual pages that are included
                  in the other sets.

         misc     This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable
                  document set, and other files from /usr/share.

         modules  This set includes kernel modules to add functionality to a
                  running system.

         text     This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including
                  groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages.

         NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in
         order to assure tight integration and compatibility.  These sources
         are based on XFree86 4.5.0.  Binary sets for the X Window System are
         distributed with NetBSD.  The sets are:

         xbase    The basic files needed for a complete X client environment.
                  This does not include the X servers.

         xcomp    The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X
                  source code.

         xdebug   This distribution set contains debug information for all X11
                  binaries.  It is useful when reporting issues with these
                  binaries or during developement.  This set is huge, if the
                  target disk is small, do not install it.

         xfont    Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients.

         xetc     Configuration files for X which could be locally modified.

         xserver  The X server.  This includes the Xmac68k monochrome server
                  with man pages.

         The mac68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar
         files named with the extension .tgz, e.g.  base.tgz.

         The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally
         well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that
         method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore
         the files are extracted below the current directory.  Therefore, if
         you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e.  replace the
         system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from
         the root directory ( / ) of your system.

         Kernels suitable for booting from an AppleShare server may be found
         in the mac68k/binary/kernels subdirectory of the NetBSD 8.99.36 dis-
         tribution tree.  These kernels are generally named something like
         netbsd-GENERIC.gz and can be booted as-is by the NetBSD/mac68k Booter
         utility, if desired.  Please note that these kernels are simply
         gzipped and are not in tar archives.

         The Mac OS based utilities necessary for installing and running
         NetBSD can be found in the mac68k/installation/misc subdirectory of
         the NetBSD 8.99.36 distribution tree.  The important files in this
         directory are as follows:

         Booter.sea.hqx     The NetBSD/mac68k Booter utility.  This program is
                            used to boot the NetBSD kernel from within Mac OS.
                            141 KB archived

         Installer.sea.hqx  The NetBSD/mac68k Installer utility.  This program
                            is used to install the distribution sets onto your
                            NetBSD partition(s).  This utility is used only in
                            a Traditional method installation; it is not used
                            or required for an installation using the sysinst
                            method.
                            147 KB archived

         Mkfs.sea.hqx       The Mkfs utility.  This program is used to format
                            your chosen partitions so that they can be used
                            with NetBSD.  This utility is used only in a Tra-
                            ditional method installation; it is not used or
                            required for an installation using the sysinst
                            method.
                            76 KB archived

         These files are all BinHexed, self-extracting archives.  If you need
         them, the sources for these utilities are in the src subdirectory.

         Note:  Each directory in the mac68k binary distribution also has its
                own checksum files, just as the source distribution does.

       NetBSD/mac68k System Requirements and Supported Devices
         NetBSD/mac68k 8.99.36 runs on several of the older Macintosh comput-
         ers.  About 4 MB of RAM is sufficient to boot a stripped-down custom
         kernel, and a subset of the system can be squeezed onto a 40 MB hard
         disk with considerable creativity and persistence. However, 140 MB of
         disk should be considered a practical minimum, and to do anything
         more interesting than booting at least 8 MB of RAM and more disk
         space is recommended.

         Please note that to install NetBSD/mac68k 8.99.36 using the sysinst
         method, your system must have a minimum of 6 MB of RAM and 60 MB of
         available disk space (i.e. not part of an in-use HFS partition).

         Supported models

               -   Mac II, IIx, IIcx, SE/30, IIci, IIsi, IIvx, IIvi
               -   Performa 400/405/410/430, Performa 450, Performa
                   460/466/467
               -   Performa 520, Performa 550/560, Performa 600/600CD
               -   LC II, LC III, LC III+, LC 520, LC 550
               -   MacTV
               -   Classic II, Color Classic
               -   Centris 650
               -   Quadra 610, Quadra 630, Quadra 650, Quadra 700, Quadra 800
               -   Quadra/Centris 660AV, Quadra 840AV
               -   PowerBook 140, PowerBook 145/145B, PowerBook 170
               -   PowerBook 160, PowerBook 165, PowerBook 180
               -   PowerBook 165c, PowerBook 180c, PowerBook 550c

         Supported devices

               -   Onboard SCSI bus and most SCSI tapes, hard drives, and CD-
                   ROMs
               -   Internal sound -- enough to beep on some machines, anyway
               -   Most basic NuBus video cards (there have been some problems
                   with some 24-bit color cards and with most QuickDraw accel-
                   erators)
               -   Both internal serial ports
               -   ADB keyboards and mice (both Apple and a number of third
                   party multi-button mice and trackballs are supported)
               -   Ethernet cards based on the National Semiconductor 8390 and
                   the SONIC (DP83932) chips (Asante, Apple, and a few others
                   -- problems still with Ethernet and many NuBus video cards)
               -   Ethernet cards based on the SMC 91c92 and 91c100 (FEAST)
                   chips.  This includes the AsanteFAST 10/100 cards
               -   Onboard Ethernet based on the SONIC chip for Quadra-series
                   Macs
               -   Onboard Ethernet based on the MACE (Am79C940) chip for the
                   Quadra AV-series Macs
               -   Ethernet port on Asante NetDock and Newer Ether MicroDock,
                   for PowerBook Duo series
               -   Comm-slot Ethernet should be working for most
                   machines/cards

         If your 68030 system is not listed above, it may be because of a
         problem with accessing onboard video, and it may still work with a
         serial console.  Some of the known ones in this category:
               -   Mac Classic series
               -   PowerBook Duo series

         If your 68LC040 system is not listed above, it is due to a problem
         with floating point emulation (FPE) for this type of processor.
         Machines in this category include:
               -   Newer LC-series machines (47x, 57x)
               -   Newer Performa-series machines (47x, 57x, 58x, 63x, 640)
               -   Some PowerBook 500-series Macs

         Unsupported models

               -   Macintosh IIfx

                   This machine has unusual custom chips for the ADB and
                   serial interfaces which make support for it difficult. Work
                   is in progress on this, though.

               -   Quadra 900/950

                   These machines have I/O processor chips for their ADB
                   interfaces similar to those used in the IIfx and thus face
                   similar support problems. Note that you can use a serial
                   console on these systems.

               -   PowerPC-based Macs

                   This is a separate effort from the mac68k port. PowerMacs
                   use hardware that is quite different from that of the
                   mac68k port.  See the NetBSD/macppc port webpage at
                         http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/macppc/
                   for more information.

         Known hardware issues with this release

               -   Real Time Clock

                   Due to oddities of the Macintosh hardware interrupt prior-
                   ity scheme, NetBSD/mac68k keeps very poor time. Under a
                   high interrupt load (e.g.  SCSI or serial port activity), a
                   machine can lose several minutes per hour. A consequence of
                   this problem is that attempting to run ntpd is generally
                   rather pointless.

               -   SCSI difficulties

                   The NetBSD/mac68k SCSI drivers are not quite as robust as
                   their Mac OS counterparts. Symptoms of these problems are
                   that some SCSI disks will not work under NetBSD that work
                   fine under Mac OS.  Other problems include occasional file
                   system corruption with some types of drives and the general
                   unreliability of removable SCSI media.  Keep in mind that
                   there are no clear patterns with these problems, and they
                   do not appear to affect the majority of users.

       Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
         There are currently two installation methods available for initial
         installation of NetBSD on Apple Macintosh 68000-based systems. Nei-
         ther supports all installation media types at this time, so the one
         you select must be compatible with the media you have available on
         your system.

         -   The sysinst method of installation uses an Installation Kernel
             which is a minimal NetBSD system with a memory resident set of
             utilities that are capable of partitioning the disk, initializing
             the file systems, and loading them from the archive files.  Since
             the installation kernel does not currently support access to Mac
             OS HFS file systems this method requires that the Binary Distri-
             bution Sets be accessible from CD-ROM, remote NFS partition, or
             via FTP access.

         -   The Traditional method of installation uses Mac OS hosted utili-
             ties to partition your disk, initialize the partitions for use by
             NetBSD, and load the file systems from archive files stored on
             the Mac OS HFS file system.  This method requires that the Binary
             Distribution Sets reside on a local Macintosh hard drive, a CD-
             ROM, or an AppleShare volume.

         The Traditional method of installation is currently supported from
         the local Macintosh hard drive, from a CD-ROM, or from an AppleShare
         volume (however, you may upgrade a system from within NetBSD; see the
         Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System section for more
         details).  If you are installing from a local hard drive, this means
         that you'll need at least enough room for the largest file that you
         will have to install.

         If the install is being done from an AppleShare-mounted volume, the
         NetBSD/mac68k Installer must be in the same folder as the binary dis-
         tribution sets.

         Each distribution file is in raw archive format.

         -   Distribution files must be downloaded in binary mode.  Common web
             browsers may not be suitable for this task; FTP clients such as
             Fetch and Anarchie work fine, but be sure to specify a binary
             file transfer.

         -   The files should not be unpacked.  If you have the Internet Con-
             fig extension installed, you can disable this in the ``Helpers''
             dialog by removing the entry associated with ``.tgz'' files.
             Other FTP clients may require separate changes; consult your
             package's documentation.

         -   If you are installing from a CD-ROM, the distribution sets are
             already in the proper format. No special handling is required.

         You will also need to collect the Mac OS installation tools from the
         mac68k/installation/misc subdirectory of the NetBSD 8.99.36 distribu-
         tion: Mkfs, NetBSD/mac68k Installer, and NetBSD/mac68k Booter. These
         three are in BinHexed, self-extracting archives as Mkfs.sea.hqx,
         Installer.sea.hqx, and Booter.sea.hqx, respectively. Extract them as
         you would any other Macintosh application.

         Note:  The Booter is the only Mac OS application needed if the
                sysinst method of installation is used.  The Traditional
                method of installation is deprecated and will be removed in a
                future release, and the Mkfs and Installer tools will be
                retired.

       Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
         No matter which installation method you use, there is some planning
         and preparation that is required beforehand.  First and foremost,
         before beginning the installation process, make sure you have a reli-
         able backup of any data on your hard disk that you wish to keep.
         Mistakes in partitioning your hard disk may lead to data loss.

         NetBSD/mac68k uses the same disk mapping scheme as Mac OS: the Apple
         Disk Partition Map.  This permits both systems to reside on the same
         disk, but introduces some installation problems unique to the Macin-
         tosh. There are very few, if any, reliable ways to reduce the size of
         an existing Mac OS disk partition, so partitioning a disk that cur-
         rently contains Mac OS will almost always require a backup and reload
         step under Mac OS.

         If you are using the sysinst method of installation you will be able
         to do most, if not all, of your disk partitioning during the install
         process.  Partitioning the disk with sysinst will destroy any parti-
         tion that is resized, deleted, converted, or designated for use by
         NetBSD.  All space not planned to be used for Mac OS HFS partitions
         may be used by NetBSD and can be sub-divided by the sysinst process.
         This space may be defined within one or more existing disk partitions
         of any type, including HFS partitions that are no longer needed for
         Mac OS. However it is best if this space is physically contiguous on
         the disk as sysinst is not capable of merging non-contiguous disk
         partitions.  If you are using the sysinst method and have sufficient
         disk space in one or more disk partitions you should skip forward to
         the section labeled Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method) in
         this document.

         If you are using the Traditional method of installation you must use
         a disk partitioning utility to designate the different partitions you
         will want in your final NetBSD configuration.  It is not necessary to
         create NetBSD (or AU/X) type partitions at this stage; the Mkfs util-
         ity can convert a partition of any type to one usable for NetBSD.

         If disk partitioning is required because you've selected the Tradi-
         tional method of installation, or because disk space needs to be
         freed up for use for the sysinst method of installation, follow the
         directions in the remainder of this section.

         Find your favorite disk partitioning utility. Any formatter capable
         of partitioning a SCSI disk should work. Some of the ones that have
         been tried and seem to work are:

               -   Apple HD SC Setup
               -   Hard Disk ToolKit from FWB
               -   SCSI Director Lite
               -   Disk Manager Mac from OnTrack
               -   Silverlining from LaCie
               -   APS Disk Tools

         Apple's HD SC Setup is probably the easiest to use and the most com-
         monly available. Instructions for patching HD SC Setup so that it
         will recognize non-Apple drives is available at:

               http://www.euronet.nl/users/ernstoud/patch.html

         First, you need to choose a drive on which to install NetBSD.  Try to
         pick a drive with a low SCSI target number (or "SCSI ID"), especially
         if you are likely to add or remove drives to your SCSI chain in the
         future.

         Note:  Be certain you have a reliable backup of any data that you may
                want to keep.  Repartitioning your hard drive is an excellent
                way to destroy important data.

         Second, decide how you want to set up your partitions. At minimum,
         you need a partition to hold the NetBSD installation (the root parti-
         tion -- /) and a partition to serve as swap space. You may choose to
         use more than one partition to hold the installation. This allows you
         to separate the more vital portions of the file system (such as the
         kernel and the /etc directory) from the more volatile parts of the
         file system.  Typical setups place the /usr directory on a separate
         partition from the root partition (/).  Generally, / can be fairly
         small while the /usr partition should be fairly large.  If you plan
         to use this machine as a server, you may also want a separate /var
         partition.

         Once you have decided how to lay out your partitions, you need to
         calculate how much space to allocate to each partition. A minimal
         install of NetBSD (i.e.  base.tgz, etc.tgz, and either
         kern-GENERIC.tgz or kern-GENERICSBC.tgz) requires about 140MB.  A
         general rule of thumb for sizing the swap partition is to allocate
         twice as much swap space as you have real memory.  Having your swap +
         real memory total at least 20 MB is also a good idea.  Systems that
         will be heavily used or that are low on real memory should have more
         swap space allocated. Systems that will be only lightly used or have
         a very large amount of real memory can get away with less.

         Keep in mind that NetBSD currently requires Mac OS in order to boot,
         so it is likely that you will want to keep at least a minimal install
         of Mac OS around on an HFS partition for this purpose.  The size of
         this partition may vary depending on the size requirements for the
         version of Mac OS you are using.  Of course, if you have Mac OS on
         another hard drive or can boot from a floppy, feel free to dedicate
         the entire drive to NetBSD.

         Next, use your favorite partitioning utility to make partitions of
         the necessary sizes. You can use any type of partition, but parti-
         tions of type Apple_Free might save you some confusion in the future.

         You are now set to install NetBSD on your hard drive.

       Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method)
         Running the sysinst installation program

         1.   Introduction

              Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process.
              Still, you should read this document and have it available dur-
              ing the installation process.  This document tries to be a good
              guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for
              the sake of completeness.  Do not let this discourage you; the
              install program is not hard to use.

         2.   Possible hardware-specific issues

              -   SCSI driver problems

                  The SCSI driver used in the kernel on many older Macintosh
                  systems is, by default, the ncrscsi driver.  It contains a
                  recognized but as yet unfixed bug that affects some disk
                  drive/controller combinations, usually Quantum disks.  Under
                  heavy load these systems may hang or corrupt the file sys-
                  tem; or, you may experience frequent Segmentation fault and
                  Illegal instruction errors that may or may not be consis-
                  tently repeatable.  This latter condition is particularly
                  prevalent on systems with minimal RAM installed.

                  If either of these problems occur on your system you are
                  advised to use the SBC variants of the Kernel and Installa-
                  tion Kernel.  However, be aware that this issue does not
                  affect e.g. Centris or Quadra systems.

              -   The 68LC040 processor

                  NetBSD has known but unresolved problems running on the
                  68LC040 processor, the variant of the 68040 that does not
                  contain the floating point unit (FPU).  The kernel is thus
                  forced to emulate the missing operations in software.
                  Unfortunately the 68LC040 processor has a design problem
                  that causes the emulation to fail intermittently.  We hope
                  to provide a solution for this issue in a future NetBSD
                  release.

                  Software emulation of floating point operations is not a
                  problem on the 68020 and 68030 processors.

         3.   General

              The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while
              installing NetBSD on your hard disk.  sysinst is a menu driven
              program that guides you through the installation process.  Some-
              times questions will be asked, and in many cases the default
              answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the ques-
              tion.  If you wish to stop the installation, you may press
              CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the
              installation process again from scratch by running the /sysinst
              program from the command prompt.  It is not necessary to reboot.

         4.   Quick install

              First, let's describe a quick install.  The other sections of
              this document go into the installation procedure in more detail,
              but you may find that you do not need this.  If you want
              detailed instructions, skip to the next section.  This section
              describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install
              media.

              -   What you need.

                  o   The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the
                      CD or DVD).

                  o   The Mac OS Booter application and an Installation Kernel

                  o   A Macintosh with a 68020 and MMU, 68030 or 68RC040 pro-
                      cessor.  An FPU is not required but will be used if
                      present (but see the note above regarding the 68LC040).

                  o   A minimum of 8 MB of memory installed.

                  o   An optical drive.

                  o   A hard drive with at least 500 MB of free space for a
                      complete base install, not including room for swap.  If
                      you wish to install the X Window System as well, you
                      will need at least 225 MB more.

              -   The NetBSD Boot Tools folder.

                  o   Create a Folder on your Mac OS disk for the
                      NetBSD/mac68k components.

                  o   Copy the Booter application into the newly created
                      Folder.  Expand the file if necessary to create the Mac
                      OS executable.

                  o   Copy the Installation Kernels into the newly created
                      Folder.  It is not necessary to gunzip compressed kernel
                      files.

                  o   Single-click on the Booter application icon then select
                      the "Get Info" from the File Menu list.  Increase the
                      memory allocation for the Booter to as much as possible
                      for your system.  Having a large number of fonts, exten-
                      sions or sounds installed on your system can cause mem-
                      ory exhaustion problems for the Booter if you don't do
                      this.  Also, the extra memory is needed by the Booter to
                      expand compressed kernels while booting.

              -   The Quick Installation

                  o   Double-click on the Booter application icon to start
                      executing it.  From the Options pull-down menu, select
                      Monitors, then select Change Monitor Depth and make sure
                      B&W is highlighted.  Close the window using the Close
                      button.

                  o   From the Options pull-down menu select Boot Options.
                      This will bring up an option panel.  Set the Auto-set
                      GMT Bias checkbox in the lower left and then select the
                      Boot from Mac OS option at the top of the window.  The
                      Set button on the right will become active.  Use it to
                      locate and select the Installation Kernel file appropri-
                      ate for your hardware.  This will be either
                      netbsd-INSTALL.gz or netbsd-INSTALLSBC.gz.  Close the
                      window using the Close button.

                  o   From the Options pull-down menu select the Boot Now, or
                      use the Apple-B (Command-B) key combination to start the
                      NetBSD boot process.  Do not move the mouse while the
                      boot operation is in progress as this may leave the key-
                      board locked to NetBSD.

                      The main menu will be displayed.  Insert the first boot
                      floppy you just created and boot the computer.  After
                      language selection, the main menu will be displayed.

                              .***********************************************.
                              * NetBSD-8.99.36 Install System                 *
                              *                                               *
                              *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk                *
                              * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk              *
                              * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets *
                              * d: Reboot the computer                        *
                              * e: Utility menu                               *
                              * f: Config menu                                *
                              * x: Exit Install System                        *
                              .***********************************************.

                  o   If you wish, you can configure some network settings
                      immediately by choosing the Utility menu and then
                      Configure network.  It isn't actually required at this
                      point, but it may be more convenient.  Go back to the
                      main menu.

                  o   Choose Install.

                  o   You will be guided through the setup of your disk.

                  o   You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to
                      install.

                  o   When prompted, choose CD-ROM as the install medium if
                      booted from CD-ROM.  The default values for the path and
                      device should be ok.

                  o   After the installation process has completed, you will
                      be brought back to the main menu, where you should
                      select Reboot.

                  o   NetBSD will now boot.  If you didn't set a password for
                      the root user when prompted by sysinst, logging in as
                      root and setting a password should be your first task.
                      You are also advised to read afterboot(8).

         5.   Booting NetBSD

              Prior to attempting to boot NetBSD/mac68k verify that all the
              following are done:

              -   Enable 32-bit addressing in the Memory Control Panel [1].

              -   Disable all forms of virtual memory (the Memory Control
                  Panel, RAM Doubler, or other software-based memory enhance-
                  ment products).

              -   Place the system in B&W Mode (1-bit color or grayscale) as
                  shown in the Monitors Control Panel or in the Monitors
                  options dialog of the Booter.  You may choose to have the
                  Booter do this for you automatically by selecting the appro-
                  priate check box and radio button in the Monitors dialog on
                  the Options menu.

              It is probably best to boot your machine with all extensions
              turned off [1].  You can do this by booting into Mac OS with the
              SHIFT key held down.  You may have to restart your Macintosh for
              changes to take effect before proceeding.

              [1]  If your version of the Memory control panel does not have a
                   32-bit addressing mode radio button, this means that your
                   system is already 32-bit clean and is running in 32-bit
                   addressing mode by default.  If the Booter complains that
                   your are not in 32-bit mode, it may be necessary for you to
                   press the "Use Defaults" button in the Memory control panel
                   to restore 32-bit addressing.  You should probably reboot
                   after doing so.  If you have an older II-class system
                   (including the II, IIx, IIcx, and SE/30), it is necessary
                   to install Connectix's MODE32 to work around ROM issues
                   which prevent you from enabling 32-bit addressing.  Please
                   see the NetBSD/mac68k FAQ at
                         http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/mac68k/faq/
                   for more information.

              Double-click on the NetBSD/mac68k Booter icon to start the
              application.  Select Booting from the Options menu.  Select the
              Kernel Location to be from Mac OS with the filename correspond-
              ing to the name of the Installation Kernel you are using.  Typi-
              cally this will be netbsd-INSTALL.gz.

              If you haven't already put your Macintosh into B&W mode, select
              the Monitor Options from the Options menu and check the box for
              B&W mode.

              Try booting NetBSD by selecting Boot Now from the Options menu.

              If the system does not come up, send mail to
              port-mac68k@NetBSD.org describing your software, your hardware,
              and as complete a description of the problem as you can.  As an
              alternative, try using the Traditional method of installation
              described in the next section.

         6.   Preparing your hard disk

              You are now at the point of no return.  Nothing has been written
              to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install
              NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified.  If you are sure you
              want to proceed, select yes.

              The install program will now label your disk and create the file
              systems you specified.  The file systems will be initialized to
              contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files.
              You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD
              disk preparation tools that are running.  There should be no
              errors in this section of the installation.  If there are,
              restart from the beginning of the installation process.  Other-
              wise, you can continue the installation program after pressing
              the return key.

         7.   Getting the distribution sets

              The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets that come
              in the form of gzipped tar files.  At this point, you will be
              presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of
              the following methods of installing the sets.  Some of these
              methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others
              will extract the sets directly.

              For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets avail-
              able for extraction.  The sets can be made available in a few
              different ways.  The following sections describe each of the
              methods.  After reading about the method you will be using, you
              can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution
              sets'.

         8.   Installation from CD-ROM

              When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the
              device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the direc-
              tory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are.

              sysinst will then check that the files are actually present in
              the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the
              sets.

         9.   Installation using FTP

              To install using ftp, you first need to configure your network
              setup if you haven't already done so.  sysinst will help you
              with this, asking if you want to use DHCP.  If you do not use
              DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself.  If
              you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are
              installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this ques-
              tion, and DNS will not be used.

              You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to
              transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account
              name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and
              optionally a proxy server to use.  If you did not set up DNS,
              you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for
              the ftp server.

              sysinst will then transfer the set files from the remote site to
              your hard disk.

         10.  Installation using NFS

              To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network
              setup if you haven't already done so.  sysinst will do this for
              you, asking you if you want to use DHCP.  If you do not use
              DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself.  If
              you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are
              installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this ques-
              tion, and DNS will not be used.

              You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to
              transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the
              files are in.  This directory should be mountable by the machine
              you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine.

              If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP
              address instead of a hostname for the NFS server.

         11.  Installation from Mac OS file systems

              NetBSD/mac68k does not currently have in-kernel support for Mac
              OS HFS/HFS+ or AppleShare filesystems.  sysinst therefore can
              not access the file sets if they are on these filesystems.

         12.  Installation from an unmounted file system

              In order to install from a local file system, you will need to
              specify the device that the file system resides on (for example
              wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the
              specified file system where the sets are located.  sysinst will
              then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location.

         13.  Installation from a local directory

              This option assumes that you have already done some preparation
              yourself.  The sets should be located in a directory on a file
              system that is already accessible.  sysinst will ask you for the
              name of this directory.

         14.  Extracting the distribution sets

              A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are
              being extracted.

              After all the files have been extracted, the device node files
              will be created.  If you have already configured networking, you
              will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal
              operation.  If so, these values will be installed in the network
              configuration files.

         15.  Configure additional items

              The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional
              items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to
              make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root
              user's shell, and the initial root password.

              You can also enable installation of binary packages, which
              installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary packages for
              third-party software.  This will feel familiar to users of pack-
              age tools such as apt-get or yum.  If you prefer to install
              third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7)
              tree.

              Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8),
              or mdnsd(8).

         16.  Finalizing your installation

              Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 8.99.36.
              You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk.

       Installing the NetBSD System (Traditional Method)
         The Traditional method of installation can be broken down into three
         basic steps:

         -   Run Mkfs to build a file system or file systems.
         -   Run the Installer to load the files onto your file systems.
         -   Run the Booter to boot the system.

         Preparing the file system(s)

         Double-click on the Mkfs application icon to start it up. It will ask
         you for the SCSI-ID (SCSI target number) of the drive that you are
         installing NetBSD on. Once this is selected, it will present a list
         of the partitions on that disk. You must first convert the partitions
         to a type which NetBSD can understand. Select each partition on which
         you wish to build a file system and click on the Change button. If
         you are placing the entire installation on a single partition, select
         the NetBSD Root&Usr radio button. If you are using multiple parti-
         tions, select NetBSD Root for the root partition (/) and NetBSD Usr
         for all the other partitions. You should select NetBSD Swap for the
         swap partition.

         When you have finished converting each partition, select each parti-
         tion and click on the Format button. You will now be asked for a
         bunch of parameters for the hard drive and the file system. Usually,
         you can just take the defaults. If you are installing onto removable
         media (e.g. a Zip, Jaz, or Syquest), please see the FAQ. Note that
         although this dialog only has the OK button, you are not committed,
         yet. Once you get the values you want, press the OK button. A dialog
         will be presented at this point with two options: Format and Cancel.
         If you choose Cancel, nothing will be written to your drive. If you
         choose Format, the program will proceed to make a file system.

         Mkfs is not a well-behaved Macintosh application. It will not allow
         any other tasks to run while it does (cooperative multitasking at its
         best).  When it's finished, the program will put up a dialog to ask
         if you have scanned the output for any error messages. Usually there
         won't have been any errors, but do scan the output to make sure. Sim-
         ply click on the I Read It button and the program will quit.

         Repeat as necessary for any extra partitions that you wish to make
         file systems on. Note that you do not need a file system on your swap
         partition.

         When you are finished, click on the Done button and choose Quit from
         the File menu to exit Mkfs.

         Installing the files

         Before using the Installer, it is probably a good idea to increase
         its memory allocation. Select the Installer icon by clicking on it
         and choose Get Info from the File menu. Increase both the Minimum and
         Preferred sizes to as much as you can spare.

         Double-click on the Installer icon to start it up. The Installer will
         present the same SCSI-ID menu that Mkfs did. Select the same SCSI-ID
         (SCSI target number) that you did for Mkfs - i.e., the one you are
         installing NetBSD on.

         If you are installing onto a single root partition (/), proceed to
         the Installation of base files section, below.

         If you have not created file systems for / (root), usr, and any other
         file systems, go back to Preparing the file system(s) above.

         When you started the Installer, it mounted your root partition (/).
         Just before it printed

               Mounting partition 'A' as /

         it printed lines like:

               sd1 at scsi ID 5

         This means that the device for SCSI target 5 ("SCSI ID 5") is sd1.
         The partitions are signified by a trailing letter. For instance, sd1a
         would be the root partition (/) of the second SCSI disk in the chain,
         and sd0g would be the first Usr partition on the first SCSI disk.

         You will need to know the proper device to mount the remaining parti-
         tion(s) by hand:

               1.   Select Build Devices from the File menu.

               2.   Select Mini Shell from the File menu.

               3.   You can use the disklabel command to get a listing of the
                    available partitions and their types and sizes.

               4.   Create the directory mount point(s) with the command:

                          # mkdir path

                    E.g. for the /usr partition type:

                          # mkdir /usr

               5.   Mount the file systems you wish with the command:

                          # mount device path
                    For example, if you wish to mount a /usr partition from
                    the first SCSI disk sd0, on /usr, you would type:

                          # mount /dev/sd0g /usr

               6.   Type
                          # fstab force
                    to create a proper /etc/fstab file.

               7.   Type quit after you have mounted all the file systems.

         Installation of base files

         Select the Install menu item from the File menu and install base.tgz,
         etc.tgz, either kern-GENERIC.tgz or kern-GENERICSBC.tgz, and any
         other sets you wish to install   at this time (see the
         NetBSD 8.99.36 Release Contents for information about what's in each
         set). The Installer will print out the filename of each file as it is
         installed, and will take quite some time to install everything (the
         base package alone can take over two hours on a slow hard drive).

         As is the case with Mkfs, this is not a particularly well-behaved
         Macintosh application and the machine will be completely tied up
         while the installation takes place.

         At some point after installing the base set, select the Build Devices
         option from the File menu if you have not already done so. This will
         create a bunch of device nodes for you and will create your initial
         /etc/fstab.  The Installer program also has an option to give you a
         mini-shell. Do not use this unless you are sure know what you are
         doing.

         When you are finished installing all of the sets you wish to install,
         exit the Installer by choosing Quit from the File menu.

         Booting the system

         Prior to attempting to boot NetBSD/mac68k, please verify that all of
         the following are true:

         1.   32-bit addressing is enabled [2] in the Memory control panel;

         2.   All forms of virtual memory are disabled (the Memory control
              panel, RAM Doubler, or other software-based memory enhancement
              products); and

         3.   Your system is in B&W mode (1-bit color or grayscale) as shown
              by the Monitors control panel. You may choose to have the Booter
              do this for you automatically by selecting the appropriate check
              box and radio button in the Monitors dialog on the Options menu.

         It is probably best to boot your machine with all extensions turned
         off [2]. You can do this by booting into Mac OS with the SHIFT key
         held down. You may have to restart your Macintosh for changes to take
         effect before proceeding.

         [2]  If your version of the Memory control panel does not have a
              32-bit addressing mode radio button, this means that your system
              is already 32-bit clean and is running in 32-bit addressing mode
              by default.  If the Booter complains that you are not in 32-bit
              mode, it may be necessary for you to press the Use Defaults but-
              ton in the Memory control panel to restore 32-bit addressing.
              You should probably reboot after doing so.  If you have an older
              II-class system (including the II, IIx, IIcx, and SE/30), it is
              necessary to install Connectix's MODE32 to work around ROM
              issues which prevent you from enabling 32-bit addressing. Please
              see the NetBSD/mac68k FAQ at
                    http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/mac68k/faq/
              for more information.

         Double-click on the NetBSD/mac68k Booter icon to start the applica-
         tion.  Select Booting from the Options menu. Check that all of the
         items in the resulting dialog look sane - especially the SCSI target
         number.  If not, correct them to your preference (the SCSI target
         number, or "SCSI ID", should be the only thing you need to change).
         When you are satisfied with your choices, try booting NetBSD by
         selecting Boot Now from the Options menu.

         If you wish to save your preferences, choose Save Options from the
         File menu before Booting (your preferences will not be saved if you
         forget to do this).

         If the system does not come up, send mail to port-mac68k@NetBSD.org
         describing your software, your hardware, and as complete a descrip-
         tion of the problem as you can.

         If the system does come up, congratulations, you have successfully
         installed NetBSD 8.99.36.

       Post installation steps
         Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things
         you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly config-
         ured state.  The most important steps are described below.

         1.   Before all else, read postinstall(8).

         2.   Configuring /etc/rc.conf

              If you or the installation software haven't done any configura-
              tion of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will), the system will
              drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message

                    /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted.

              and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only.  When the
              system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to
              a /bin/sh prompt.  If you are asked for a terminal type, respond
              with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type)
              and press RETURN.  You may need to type one of the following
              commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on
              your keyboard:
                    # stty erase '^h'
                    # stty erase '^?'
              At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the
              /etc directory.  You will need to mount your root file system
              read/write with:
                    # /sbin/mount -u -w /
              Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf
              file.  Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set
              rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a
              multi-user boot can proceed.  Default values for the various
              programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-
              line documentation may be found.  More complete documentation
              can be found in rc.conf(5).

              When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the
              prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the
              multi-user boot.

              Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a net-
              worked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute.  You
              may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your <int> network
              interface, where your on-board, NuBus or PDS interface may be
              ae0, mc0 or sn0.  For example:

                    ifconfig_sn0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0"

              or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts:

                    ifconfig_sn0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0"

              To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add
              an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more
              adventurous) run named(8).  See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for
              more information.

              Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by
              setting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf.

         3.   Logging in

              After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt.  If
              you didn't set a password in sysinst, there is no initial pass-
              word.  You should create an account for yourself (see below) and
              protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords.  By
              default, root login from the network is disabled (even via
              ssh(1)).  One way to become root over the network is to log in
              as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see
              group(5)) and use su(1) to become root.

         4.   Adding accounts

              Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system.  Do
              not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if
              you want to edit the password database.

         5.   The X Window System

              If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the
              chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide:
                    http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html

              [Color_X]  Some systems are capable of supporting a color X
                         Server in either thousands or millions of colors.
                         The mac68k port does not support resolution switching
                         at this time.  If your system is capable of running
                         the color X Server it can be installed at this point
                         and the Booter options can be modified to match the
                         resolution depth.

         6.   Installing third party packages

              If you wish to install any of the software freely available for
              UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the
              NetBSD package system, pkgsrc.  pkgsrc automatically handles any
              changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD.  This
              includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages
              the software may depend upon.

              o   More information on the package system is available at
                        http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html

              o   A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at
                        ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html

              o   Precompiled binaries can be found at
                        ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/
                  usually in the mac68k/8.99.36/All subdir.  If you installed
                  pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation configuration
                  menu, you can use it to automatically install binary pack-
                  ages over the network.  Assuming that
                  /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is correctly config-
                  ured, you can install them with the following commands:

                  # pkgin install tcsh
                  # pkgin install bash
                  # pkgin install perl
                  # pkgin install apache
                  # pkgin install kde
                  # pkgin install firefox
                  ...

                  Note:  Some mirror sites don't mirror the /pub/pkgsrc direc-
                         tory.

                  The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne
                  Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web
                  server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser
                  as well as all the packages they depend on.

              o   If you did not install it from the sysinst post-installation
                  configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7) framework for compiling
                  packages can be obtained by retrieving the file
                        ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/pkgsrc.tar.gz.
                  It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other
                  locations work fine) with the commands:

                        # cd /usr
                        # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz

                  After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extrac-
                  tion directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more
                  information.

         7.   Misc

              o   Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right
                  place.  Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards.

              o   Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use.

              o   Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the
                  manual; so just invoking

                        # man 5 filename

                  is likely to give you more information on these files.

       Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
         The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 8.99.36 is with binaries, and
         that is the method documented here.

         To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using one of the
         methods described above.  You must also have at least the base and
         kern binary distribution sets available.  Finally, you must have suf-
         ficient disk space available to install the new binaries.  Since
         files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you
         only need additional free space for files which weren't previously
         installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases.

         Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most
         of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss.  You
         are strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD par-
         tition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before
         beginning the upgrade process.

         The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the
         hard disk partitioning.

         Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installa-
         tion procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for
         help.  File systems are checked before unpacking the sets.

         After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is
         a complete NetBSD 8.99.36 system.  However, that doesn't mean that
         you're finished with the upgrade process.  You will probably want to
         update the set of device nodes you have in /dev.  If you've changed
         the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this,
         but if not, you can just cd into /dev, and run the command:

               # sh MAKEDEV all

         sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your /etc direc-
         tory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility.
         However, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are
         easily automated.  It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8)
         tool to merge any remaining configuration changes.

       Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
         Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the
         following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to
         NetBSD 8.99.36.

         Note that sysinst will automatically invoke

               postinstall fix
         and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default will be
         handled.

         A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 8.99.36 release.
         See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning
         of this document for a list.

         Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 6.x releases

         The following user needs to be created:
               o   _rtadvd

         The following groups need to be created:
               o   _gpio
               o   _rtadvd

       Using online NetBSD documentation
         Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution
         set.  Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by
         `name(section)'.  Some examples of this are

               o   intro(1),
               o   man(1),
               o   apropos(1),
               o   passwd(1), and
               o   passwd(5).

         The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but
         three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file
         formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in sec-
         tion 8.

         The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is
         started by entering man [section] topic.  The brackets [] around the
         section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section
         is optional.  If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic
         with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed.  For
         instance, after logging in, enter

               # man passwd

         to read the documentation for passwd(1).  To view the documentation
         for passwd(5), enter

               # man 5 passwd

         instead.

         If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter

               # apropos subject-word

         where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly
         related man pages will be displayed.

       Administrivia
         If you've got something to say, do so!  We'd like your input.  There
         are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at
         majordomo@NetBSD.org.  See
               http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
         for details.

         There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and
         questions about this release.  Please send comments to:
         netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org.

         To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and
         fill in as much information about the problem as you can.  Good bug
         reports include lots of details.

         Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at
               http://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html

         There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of
         each port of NetBSD.  Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit
               http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/

         If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific
         port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed
         below).

         If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you
         could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to:
         netbsd-users@NetBSD.org.

         As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these
         mailing lists.  Instead, put the material you would have sent up for
         FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it.  If
         you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data
         to those who want it.

       Thanks go to
         o   The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group,
             including (but not limited to):

                   Keith Bostic
                   Ralph Campbell
                   Mike Karels
                   Marshall Kirk McKusick

             for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement.

         o   The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP,
             CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW
             servers.

         o   The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server
             which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree.

         o   The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting
             the build cluster.

         o   The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites.

         o   Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our
             hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other
             people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool.

         o   We list the individuals and organizations that have made dona-
             tions or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD devel-
             opment, and deserve credit for it at
                   http://www.NetBSD.org/donations/
             (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us!  We probably
             were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted
             to be listed.)

         o   Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears
             into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993.
             (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here.
             If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!)

       Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
         All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered
         trademarks of their respective owners.

         The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of
         the software that we have mentioned in this document:

         NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
         This product includes software developed by the University of Cali-
         fornia, Berkeley and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation.
         This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation,
         Inc. and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project.  See
         http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD.
         This product includes software developed by Intel Corporation and its
         contributors.
         This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
         (eay@cryptsoft.com)
         This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
         (eay@mincom.oz.au)
         This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson.
         This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of
         Lulea, Sweden and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of
         Lulea.
         This product includes software developed at the Information Technol-
         ogy Division, US Naval Research Laboratory.
         This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon
         Ross
         This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and
         Joerg Wunsch
         This product includes software developed by Internet Research Insti-
         tute, Inc.
         This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman and Waldi
         Ravens.
         This product includes software developed by  Mika Kortelainen
         This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and Harvard
         University.
         This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for the
         NetBSD project.
         This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M.
         Hannum.
         This product includes software developed by Adam Glass.
         This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda, and Colin
         Wood for the NetBSD Projet.
         This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda.
         This product includes software developed by Allen Briggs.
         This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger
         Hardiman
         This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design,
         Inc.
         This product includes software developed by Bill Paul.
         This product includes software developed by Bodo Moeller.  (If avail-
         able, substitute umlauted o for oe)
         This product includes software developed by Boris Popov.
         This product includes software developed by Brini.
         This product includes software developed by Bruce M. Simpson.
         This product includes software developed by Causality Limited.
         This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum.
         This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum, by the
         University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A.
         Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California,
         Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum.
         This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps, Ezra
         Story, Kari Mettinen, Markus Wild, Lutz Vieweg and Michael Teske.
         This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps.
         This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou
         for the NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou.
         This product includes software developed by Chuck Silvers.
         This product includes software developed by Colin Wood for the NetBSD
         Project.
         This product includes software developed by Colin Wood.
         This product includes software developed by Daan Vreeken.
         This product includes software developed by Daishi Kato
         This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk and
         Michael L. Hitch.
         This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk for the
         NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by David Miller.
         This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley.
         This product includes software developed by Emmanuel Dreyfus
         This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda.
         This product includes software developed by Eric S. Raymond
         This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@crypt-
         soft.com)
         This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@min-
         com.oz.au)
         This product includes software developed by Ezra Story and  by Kari
         Mettinen.
         This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Met-
         tinen and by Bernd Ernesti.
         This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Met-
         tinen, Michael Teske and by Bernd Ernesti.
         This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Met-
         tinen, and Michael Teske.
         This product includes software developed by Ezra Story.
         This product includes software developed by Frank van der Linden for
         the NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan.
         This product includes software developed by Garrett D'Amore.
         This product includes software developed by Gary Thomas.
         This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross
         This product includes software developed by Harvard University and
         its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by Harvard University.
         This product includes software developed by Henrik Vestergaard
         Draboel.
         This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl.
         This product includes software developed by Hidetoshi Shimokawa.
         This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the
         NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall.
         This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan
         Inc.
         This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III.
         This product includes software developed by Jared D. McNeill.
         This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright
         This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And
         Communications, http://www.and.com/
         This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes.
         This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The
         NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch
         This product includes software developed by John Birrell.
         This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski.
         This product includes software developed by John Polstra.
         This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the
         NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason
         R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone.
         This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the
         NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield.
         This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi.
         This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi and H.
         Shimokawa.
         This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu.
         This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto.
         This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey.
         This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara.
         This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd
         Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California,
         Berkeley and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes.
         This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg.
         This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya
         Harakawa.
         This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz.
         This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt.
         This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the
         NetBSD project.
         This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe.
         This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim
         Lowe
         This product includes software developed by Markus Wild.
         This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden.
         This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh.
         This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki.
         This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette.
         This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis.
         This product includes software developed by Michael Smith.
         This product includes software developed by Microsoft.
         This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard.
         This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and con-
         tributors.
         This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto.
         This product includes software developed by Niels Provos.
         This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon
         Creighton and Job de Haas.
         This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist.
         This product includes software developed by Paolo Abeni.
         This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.
         This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras.
         This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom
         This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy.
         This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc.
         This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson.
         This product includes software developed by QUALCOMM Incorporated.
         This product includes software developed by RiscBSD.
         This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes.
         This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes.
         This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman
         This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann.
         This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the
         NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey.
         This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram.
         This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens.
         This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE.
         This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the Univer-
         sity of California, Berkeley, and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing.
         This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin.
         This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada.
         This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura.
         This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the
         NetBSD Project.
         This product includes software developed by Texas A&M University and
         its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner.
         This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH.
         This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd.
         This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its con-
         tributors.
         This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens.
         This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc.
         This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki.
         This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North
         Dakota State University.
         This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc.
         This product includes software developed by the Alice Group.
         This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems
         Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
         This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff.
         This product includes software developed by the Harvard University
         and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by the Kungliga Tekniska
         Hoegskolan and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by the Network Research
         Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
         This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for
         use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)
         This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and
         its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team.
         This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team.
         This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology
         Development Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc.
         This product includes software developed by the University of Cali-
         fornia, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of
         Columbia University.
         This product includes software developed by the University of Cali-
         fornia, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed by the University of Cali-
         fornia, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
         This product includes software developed by the University of Illi-
         nois at Urbana and their contributors.
         This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign
         Independent Media Center.
         This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont
         and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman.
         This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont
         and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F.
         Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence
         Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors.
         This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Bernd Ernesti.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Christopher G. Demetriou.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Frank van der Linden
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Jason R. Thorpe.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         John M. Vinopal.
         This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Kyma Systems LLC.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Matthias Drochner.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Perry E. Metzger.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Allegro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Eiji Kawauchi.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Genetec Corporation.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Jonathan Stone.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Piermont Information Systems Inc.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Shigeyuki Fukushima.
         This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
         Wasabi Systems, Inc.
         This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogel-
         strom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA.
         This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogel-
         strom.
         This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use
         with "386BSD" and similar operating systems.  "Similar operating sys-
         tems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and
         education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD",
         "Mach" (by CMU).
         This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems
         Laboratory at the University of Utah.
         This product includes software developed by Computing Services at
         Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/).
         This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna-
         tional, Inc.
         The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open
         Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their
         documentation.

         In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to
         portions of the system documentation.

         Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
         in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for
         Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface
         (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C)
         2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
         Inc and The Open Group.  In the event of any discrepancy between
         these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the
         original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document.

         The original Standard can be obtained online at
         http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.

         This notice shall appear on any product containing this material.

         In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel
         port driver:
               This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William
               F. Jolitz, TeleMuse.

         Some files have the following copyright:
               Mach Operating System
               Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University
               All Rights Reserved.

               Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software
               and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the
               copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all
               copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions,
               and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in sup-
               porting documentation.

               CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDI-
               TION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR
               ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

               Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
               Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribu-
               tion@CS.CMU.EDU
               School of Computer Science
               Carnegie Mellon University
               Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

               any improvements or extensions that they make and grant
               Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes.

         Some files have the following copyright:
               Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University.
               All rights reserved.

               Author: Chris G. Demetriou

               Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software
               and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the
               copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all
               copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions,
               and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in sup-
               porting documentation.
               CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
               CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND
               FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFT-
               WARE.

               Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
               Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribu-
               tion@CS.CMU.EDU
               School of Computer Science
               Carnegie Mellon University
               Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

               any improvements or extensions that they make and grant
               Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes.

         Some files have the following copyright:
               Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford
               Junior University. All Rights Reserved.

               Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
               and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
               granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
               copies.  Stanford University makes no representations about the
               suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is provided
               "as is" without express or implied warranty.

       The End
       Contributions
         The following people have made contributions of various sorts specif-
         ically for the Macintosh port (in alphabetical order):

         o   All of the users who have supplied us with good bug reports and
             moral support.

         o   The Alice Group (Allen K. Briggs, Chris P. Caputo, Michael L.
             Finch, Bradley A. Grantham, and Lawrence A. Kesteloot), without
             whom there would be no NetBSD port for the Macintosh.

         o   Steven R. Allen for keeping our snapshot distributions up-to-
             date.

         o   Stephen C. Brown for maintaining the Installer application.

         o   Denton Gentry and Yanagisawa Takeshi for their work on the SONIC
             Ethernet driver.

         o   Paul Goyette, Taras Ivanenko, Ken Nakata, and Michael R. Zucca
             for invaluable work towards supporting color X.

         o   Takashi Hamada and John Wittkoski beating the direct ADB hardware
             driver into submission.

         o   David Huang for getting MACE Ethernet and basic DMA working on
             the AV Macs.

         o   Scott Jann for acquiring a IIx and a IIci, used for building and
             testing release sets.

         o   Scott Kaplan for lending his IIci and Kensington Turbo Mouse for
             IIci/IIsi banked memory and internal video as well as non-Apple
             ADB devices.

         o   Noah M. Kieserman for lending a PowerBook 520C for tracking down
             several bugs on that platform.

         o   Markus Krummenacker for monetary donations.

         o   Glan Lalonde for an invaluable IIci page table dump.

         o   Dan McMahill for lending a PowerBook 165 to tweak ADB support on
             the PowerBook 160 and 180 family laptops.

         o   Bob Nestor for (unofficially) maintaining the Mkfs utility, and
             providing a lot of useful information about the ROM vectors used
             by different systems.

         o   Brad Parker for serial and Ethernet drivers/improvements.

         o   Brian R. Gaeke and Nigel Pearson for tweaking, polishing, and
             performing the occasional major refit on the Booter application.

         o   Scott Redman for lending Brad Grantham a PowerBook 160.

         o   Craig Ruff for assembling an '030 pmove ttx instruction.

         o   Brad Salai for lending an Ethernet card to help resolve interrupt
             conflicts.

         o   Larry Samuels for monetary donations.

         o   Peter Siebold for lending his IIvx in support of ADB and IIvx
             internal video.

         o   Glen Stewart for lending a Carrera040 accelerator which, while
             still unsupported, helped to track down memory management bugs
             for '030-based machines.

         o   Bill Studenmund for providing a stable front end to the machine-
             independent serial driver.

         o   Schuyler Stultz for the loan of his Macintosh II when we desper-
             ately needed another machine on which to compile and test during
             the '93 Xmas vacation.

         o   Tenon Intersystems for monetary donations, MachTen, and Brad's
             access to several machines and documentation after hours.

         o   Virginia Tech English Department for loan of a IIci w/ NuBus
             video and 32 MB of RAM -- the first IIci to run NetBSD/mac68k.

         o   Rob Windsor for donating a variety of Macintosh II-family sys-
             tems, a Centris 650, a Quadra 700, and several boxes full of mis-
             cellaneous peripherals and parts in the interest of ensuring ade-
             quate testing and working out minor (and not-so-minor) problems.

         o   Colin Wood for maintaining a host of NetBSD/mac68k documentation,
             including the FAQ, Meta-FAQ, and OS Info documents.

NetBSD                            May 9, 2015                           NetBSD